Concrete does not last forever. It is subject to deterioration. Two of the many possible causes of concrete deterioration can be environmental factors , and m aterials and workmanship. Environmental factors such as extreme temperatures and moisture can cause freeze-thaw cycles, fractures and spalling. In addition, carbon dioxide may cause undesirable chemical reactions resulting in surface deterioration. Concrete may also experience deterioration when there are errors that occurred in mixing, forming, or placing, or by the materials used in the mix. Cracked or deteriorating concrete can compromise structural integrity, create liability problems, and produce other significant issues, if not restored when needed.